Category: BioBulletin

Published on: Oct 6, 2017
The Washington National Primate Research Center was tapped to serve as the coordinating center to oversee the combined pledge of funds from the NPRCs in California, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Washington and Wisconsin totaling $30,000.

This aid will arrive in Puerto Rico by way of a container ship with vital supplies and equipment. The NIH is facilitating these operations, and FEMA is prioritizing urgent animal support supplies in order to avoid some of the supply chain backups that have plagued ground distribution in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria.

Noah Snyder-Mackler, assistant professor of psychology here at UW, is providing leadership to a diverse group of stakeholders including coordinating efforts with the NPRC consortium, the non-profit “Better Research, Better Life Foundation” (BRBLF), and investigators from New York University, University of Pennsylvania and the University of Exeter in England.

 

 

“It’s hard to fathom how these small monkeys managed to weather such a powerful storm, but they are not out of the woods yet,” said Snyder-Mackler. “We need to mobilize our resources to rebuild the infrastructure on the island as well as that of the community that supports it. If we don’t, we are at risk of losing one of our most valuable scientific resources.”

Two GoFundMe sites have been set up in conjunction with these operations: Cayo Santiago Monkeys: Maria Relief and Relief for Cayo Santiago Employees. An update from the latter page reads: “One NY-based colleague who will be flying to Puerto Rico on Tuesday with supplies for Cayo Santiago facilities (tools and a satellite phone that will greatly improve our ability to communicate with those in Punta Santiago) is also bringing some much needed relief for Cayo Santiago employees, including solar-powered USB chargers, solar flashlights, crank radios, batteries, water filtration systems, and formula and powdered milk for staff with young children.” This page has raised over $50,000 in donations to this point.
New York University assistant professor of biological anthropology James Higham discussed the hurricane’s impact and the relief efforts of academic institutions already underway.

 

Additional reading: “Study finds survivors of weather-related disasters may have accelerated aging”

Credit: Pasupathy ShapeLAB/UW Medicine

^{Anitha Pasupathy of UW Medicine in Seattle explains her work on how different parts of the brain communicate when trying to recognize partially hidden shapes. She is on the faculty of the Department of Biological Structure at the University of Washington School of Medicine. Credit: Randy Carnell and Megan Clark/UW Medicine}

September 19, 2017, University of Washington

How does a driver’s brain realize that a stop sign is behind a bush when only a red edge is showing? Or how can a monkey suspect that the yellow sliver in the leaves is a round piece of fruit?

The human (and non-human) primate brain is remarkable in recognizing objects when the view is nearly blocked. This skill let our ancient ancestors find food and avoid danger. It continues to be critical to making sense of our surroundings.

UW Medicine scientists are conducting research to discover ways that the brain operates when figuring out shapes, from those that are completely visible to those that are mostly hidden.

Although computers can be at the world’s best chess players, scientists have not yet designed artificial intelligence that performs as well as the average person in distinguishing shapes that are semi-obscured.

Studies of signals generated by the brain are helping to fill in the picture of what goes on when looking at, then trying to recognize, shapes. Such research is also showing why attempts have failed to mechanically replicate the ability of humans and primates to identify partially hidden objects.

The most recent results of this work are published Sept. 19 in the scientific journal eLife.

The senior investigator is Anitha Pasupathy, associate professor of biological structure at the University of Washington School of Medicine in Seattle and a member of the Washington National Primate Research Center.

Anitha Pasupathy of UW Medicine in Seattle explains her work on how different parts of the brain communicate when trying to recognize partially hidden shapes. She is on the faculty of the Department of Biological Structure at the University of …more
There’s a computer game at the center that can be played to tell if two shapes are alike or different. A correct answer wins a treat. As dots start to appear over the shapes, the task becomes more difficult.

The researchers learned that, during the simpler part of the game, the brain generates signals in certain areas of the visual cortex – the part for sight. The neurons, or brain nerve cells, in that section respond more strongly to uncovered shapes.

However, when the shapes begin to disappear behind the dots, certain neurons in the part of the brain that governs functions like memory and planning – the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex – respond more intensely.

The researchers also observed that many of the neurons in the visual cortex had two quick response peaks. The second one occurred after the response onset in the thinking section of the brain. This seemed to enhance the response of the neurons in the visual cortex to the partially hidden shapes.

The results, according to Pasupathy, suggest how signals from the two different areas of the brain—thinking and vision—could interact to assist in recognizing shapes that are not fully visible.

They researches believe that other regions of the brain, in addition to those they studied, are likely to participate in object recognition.

“It’s not just the information flowing from the eyes into the sensory location of the brain that’s important to know what a shape is when it’s partially covered,” she said. “Feedback from other regions of the brain also help in making this determination.”

Relying only on the image of an object that appears on the eye’s retina makes it hard to make out what it is, because that image could have many interpretations.

Recognition stems not only from the physical appearance of the object, but also the scene, the context, the degree of covering, and the viewer’s experience, the researchers explained.

The study helps advance knowledge about how the brain typically works in solving this frequently encountered perceptual puzzle.

“The neural mechanisms that mediate perceptual capacities, such as this one, have been largely unknown, which is why we were interested in studying them,” Pasupathy noted.

Their recent findings also make the scientists wonder if impairments in this and other types of communication between the cognitive and sensory parts of the brain might have a role in certain difficulties that people with autism or Alzheimer’s encounter.

Pasupathy said, for example, some people with autism have a profound inability to function in cluttered or disorderly environments. They have problems processing sensory information and can become confused and distressed. Many patients with Alzheimer’s disease experience what is called visual agnosia. They have no trouble seeing objects, but they can’t tell what they are.

“So understanding how the sensory and cognitive areas in the brain communicate is of utmost importance to ultimately understand what might go wrong inside the nervous system that can cause these deficits,” Pasupathy said.

 

Journal reference: eLife  

Provided by: University of Washington

On June 29, the WaNPRC hosted Dr. Stefan Treue, Director of the German Primate Center (DPZ) and Head of the Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (CNL) at the University of Göttingen. Dr. Treue was first greeted by Dr. Greg Horwitz whom he had teamed up with on a 2010 summer Computational Neuroscience workshop on vison at the Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory in New York. Soon they were joined by Dr. Eb Fetz who has visited the DPZ frequently over the years. Assistant Director Gail Ellingson had the pleasure of guiding Dr. Treue on a brief tour of the new Animal Research and Care Facility explaining the new model of collaboration with the UW Department of Comparative Medicine.

WaNPRC Director Dr. Mike Mustari sat down with Dr. Treue for discussion followed by a walk around to various neuroscience laboratory spaces. This was a great opportunity to touch on the similarities and differences between American and European centers for nonhuman primate research. Dr. Treue was able to coordinate his academic visit to the University of Washington with a family RV tour of the Western US National Parks.

Dr. Geoff Boyton from the Department of Psychology at the University of Washington served as faculty host for Treue’s seminar lecture entitled, “Cortical Area MT – Model Area for the Interface Between Visual Sensation and Cognition.” The seminar took place in Guthrie Hall and was attended by a full house made up of Psychology faculty, graduate students and neuroscientists from various WaNPRC affiliated labs.

 

By Chris Braunger | Communications Manager | WaNPRC

Where in the world is Dr. Randall Kyes? Friends, colleagues and students call him Randy. Ask any of them and they will tell you that Randy is always on the move. Dealing with the hustle and bustle of crowded airport terminals in far-flung corners of the world is just another day at “the office” for Kyes. Treacherous foreign tuk-tuk rides come with the territory for this nomadic primatologist and University of Washington Psych professor.
Kyes, also a Core Staff scientist at the Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC), and Director of the Center for Global Field Study (CGFS), spends much of his time away from his home in Seattle. Stretching every dollar of his modest grant money, he often sleeps in cockroach-infested motels or in tents stationed out in the bush.
Depending upon the time of year, you might find him in Indonesia, Nepal, or Thailand. These are only a few of the countries that Kyes has added over time to his expanding portfolio of international collaboration.
Since its infancy in 1990, beginning on Tinjil Island in Indonesia, three themes have emerged as driving forces for Randy’s global programs: Science, Collaboration and Community. Year after year, his colleagues and students personify those themes – as they work together on research projects addressing primate conservation and related human health, conduct field-training courses, and provide community outreach education – which may explain the longevity and success.
“It’s important to understand that all our programs are 100% collaborative,” notes Kyes.  “I am honored to work with wonderful international colleagues and have the highest respect for the dedication and passion they bring in support of environmental conservation and global health.  It’s truly inspiring.”
This year marks a significant milestone in Kyes’ international collaboration – the 20th anniversary Field Course in Conservation Biology & Global Health at the Tangkoko Nature Reserve in North Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Kyes, along with his Indonesian colleagues at Sam Ratulangi University (UNSRAT) and the Primate Research Center at Bogor Agricultural University (PSSP-IPB) recently completed their 20th annual Field Course for local university students, park rangers, and local tourist guides in the reserve.

Kyes will stress, “…that the foundation of our Tangkoko field course, as with all our field courses, is based on the premise that the long-term success of any conservation or health program depends in large part on the ability of the local people to take leading roles in the conduct of those programs.”
The field course consists of daily lectures that focus on the human-environment interface and the relationships among environmental, animal and human health. Participants also engage in field exercises obtaining “hands-on” experience with the basic techniques and technology of field observation and data collection.
The final phase of the course comprises only 20% of the grade but may have the most significant impact. This component involves community outreach education, referred to as “Penyuluhan” in Indonesian.  Field course participants are responsible for hosting an outreach program for local schoolchildren from the villages that surround the Nature Reserve.  The theme also focuses on the human-environment interface and includes presentations and an art contest.
This outreach program aims to educate a younger generation about the importance of conserving primates, other wildlife and their habitat. Outreach programs such as this have proven to be successful in promoting environmental awareness and its relationship with the global health of human populations. It also promotes a sense of commitment to conserving biodiversity in places like Tangkoko.

The proof of Penyuluhan’s impact has been particularly evident to Kyes since 2010.  During the field course that year, two of the participants, young women from a local conservation organization, approached Kyes following his lecture on community outreach education, and said, “We remember the outreach program you did for us when we were in elementary school.”  As it turned out, these two young adults had been third graders in the local village (Batu Putih) and attended the very first outreach program that Kyes and has colleagues did in 2001.  Since that 2010 field course, Kyes has encountered an increasing number of field course participants who had previously attended the outreach programs as elementary schoolchildren.  The 20th anniversary iteration this past May was no exception. Ardy, Mauren and Jelli, all from Batu Putih, all remember Kyes and his contingent visiting their elementary school when they were third graders over a decade ago.  “These three young adults really personify the next generation of conservation leaders.  It is truly energizing to see our “kids” grow up and seek out further training so they can help with the environmental and health issues in their region.  It’s amazing to see this full circle evolving,” says Kyes.

The long-term international partnership in Tangkoko all began when Kyes made his first visit to the reserve in 1996. The following year, he and Dr. Entang Iskandar began preliminary population surveys of the critically endangered Sulawesi black macaque (Macaca nigra), also known as the Celebes crested macaque, once a nonhuman primate model for type 2 diabetes making it very valuable in scientific research. Like so many other primate species, the M. nigra has suffered the effects of hunting and habitat loss. A Wall Street Journal article entitled, “Taste of Death: Desperate Indonesians Devour Country’s Trove of Endangered Species” written by Peter Waldman in 1998 explored the topic in depth. An economic downturn as well as cultural practices that involved hunting and eating wild animals were contributing to an alarming decline in Tangkoko’s biodiversity. In recent years, however, there is increasing indication that the Tangkoko field course and outreach, as well as other programs like it, may actually be discouraging this practice.

“1999 was our first official year of systematic population sampling and it indicated further decline from past studies. Over the years since, we have been doing the annual field course and this population survey and we’ve observed an encouraging trend. The population has not continued to decline (at least in our core study area), but rather it seems to have stabilized.”  Kyes cautions however, that the population is by no means safe and views it at a tipping point.  Without continuous conservation efforts, the future of this population remains at risk. Kyes and his colleagues published their findings in the January 2013 issue of the American Journal of Primatology. The survey is still ongoing and continues to be one of the longest of the M. nigra species. They plan to do a follow-up to this publication in a couple more years, once they reach their dataset of 20 years.
“It is possible that our long-term activities like the outreach and field training could be having a positive effect, helping to promote an appreciation for conservation of the monkeys among the local people around the reserve who traditionally might be hunting the monkeys for use in holiday festivals or even for sale,” says Kyes. He readily admits however that he has no empirical data to support that assumption.
Kyes also is quick to acknowledge the presence of other research and conservation groups that have become active in the Reserve doing similar types of activities along with ecotourism. Their presence can only help to improve the message of conservation. “So collectively, our long-term training, research and outreach, along with the other research groups may actually be helping to turn the tide,” Kyes says. “Together, we are promoting a generational sense of understanding and appreciation for these animals (the black macaques) and their environment.”

Supported in part by: Faculty of Animal Sciences, Sam Ratulangi Univ.;  Primate Research Center-Bogor Agricultural Univ.;  Washington National Primate Research Center, UW;  Center for Global Field Study, UW;  One Earth Institute;  Woodland Park Zoo;  American Society of Primatologists;  International Primatological Society;  Southeast Asia Center of the Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, UW;  ORIP-NIH Grant No. P51OD010425 to WaNPRC.

RELATED: Fire a rising threat to Sulawesi’s black macaques

Investigators from the University of Washington schools of pharmacy and medicine have devised a long-acting therapy for HIV. The macaque model study acknowledged the support from former and current members of the RSS team at the Washington National Primate Research Center.

Researchers concluded that a simple, scalable three-drug combination of the HIV drugs tenofovir, lopinavir and ritonavir exhibited continual drug levels in host cells for the virus. These levels persisted for more than two weeks, marking a significant breakthrough. “Thus, TLC-ART101 could be considered for development as a long-acting, fixed-dose injectable combination for HIV treatment for adults and children.”

The findings were published in the March issue of the journal AIDS. Professors Rodney JY Ho of the School of Pharmacy and Ann Collier of the School of Medicine were lead authors; first author was Jake Kraft of the UW Department of Pharmaceutics. Read more at UW Medicine Newsroom, your source for news and information from the University of Washington Health Sciences and UW Medicine.

Professor Michael Gale heads a laboratory located in the burgeoning biomed research hub at the southern end of Lake Union in Seattle. His group has research programs focused on understanding immune control of West Nile virus infection and HIV infection as well as viral replication and infection outcomes of Hepatitis C. Gale and the 34 researchers in his lab are now in the process of zeroing in on the right organic compound to attack another RNA virus, Zika. In the January issue of Columns, Author Bonnie Rochman explores Dr. Gale’s story, including his personal childhood experience with virus in Federal Way, Wash. and touching on his pioneering work developing one of the first nonhuman primate models for HIV/AIDS. The piece is titled: UW Medicine lab races to halt the spread of the Zika virus.

Video courtesy of UW Medicine Strategic Marketing & Communications
 

Cliff Astley celebrates 40 years of service this week with the University of Washington and Primate Center. Those years only count his employment. He actually started with the WaNPRC four years earlier in 1972 as a graduate student. He was interested in studying marine mammalian physiology and learned that Orville Smith, then director of the Primate Center, had previously studied the cardiovascular diving reflexes in elephant seals. He applied to UW and was initially an alternate, but ultimately was accepted to the Physiology and Biophysics program.

After learning that there wasn’t much marine mammal work being conducted, he turned his attention to Rhesus monkeys for his thesis on the “Role of the Cerebellar Fastigial Nucleus on the baroreflex and cardiovascular responses to body tilting.” After graduating, he accepted a job with Orville Smith as a research scientist, managing Smith’s lab. Cliff’s first 25 years were spent in this research role for Smith with a broad range of duties, including: training animals, managing budgets, human resources, histology, IT and surgery. As Dr. Smith was retiring, they transitioned Cliff’s responsibilities from serving just the lab to offering IT and surgery services to the entire Primate Center.

Cliff and Keith Vogel began working together in 1972-1973. Cliff performed his first surgery in 1968, and Keith in 1969. In 2019, they will have a combined 100 years of surgical experience between them. It is hard for Cliff to imagine a surgical team with more experience anywhere in the world, especially a research surgical team.

“We have done hundreds and hundreds of procedures together,” says Cliff Astley of his relationship with Keith. “To me, our style, experience and skill levels are so similar that it is like working with 4 of my own hands. Hope he feels that way.” They both step in automatically to assist the other if they hesitate during a procedure.

Cliff and Keith spend more and more time training others in the surgical suite in anticipation of retiring in the future. Training and serving others is just part of what drives Cliff each day in his roles as IT consultant and staff surgeon.

Cliff Astley begins his 40th year of employment with the UW and WaNPRC on Tuesday, September 13.

Important neuroscience research being conducted by the Buffalo Lab at the Washington National Primate Research Center is being shared at the Pacific Science Center.

The “Memory: Past Meets Present” exhibit is part of the Portal to Current Research that showcases local scientific research and its impact. The exhibit is open now through March 5, 2017.

“We are excited to be a part of this exhibit,” says Dr. Beth Buffalo, Chief Investigator with the Division of Neuroscience at the Washington National Primate Research Center. “This is a great opportunity to teach the public about our efforts to detect early warning signs of Alzheimer’s disease in healthy human patients.”

The Buffalo lab uses nonhuman primate research to track the combination of eye movements and the firing of neurons in the hippocampus to predict memory performance. In the lab, monkeys play a video game that has special software to track eye movement as the monkey navigates a virtual world in search of bananas. When the monkey finds a banana, the system provides a treat to the research subject. Treats are normally a special recipe of various fruit sauces. A map of the virtual world correlates to specific neurons in the patient’s hippocampus region of the brain.

The exhibit allows visitors to learn about this virtual built-in GPS system that human and nonhuman primates share. While playing the game, you’ll discover what information is stored in our brains while foraging for food in a virtual forest.

Buffalo Lab graduate student, Seth Konig, will give a public lecture titled “The Neuroscience of Memory: Why We Forget Some Things but Remember Others” at the Pacific Science Center on November 1 at 7 p.m. Admission is $5.

Visit www.pacificsciencecenter.org/lectures for more information.

This exhibit series is funded by a grant from the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation. Learn more by visiting www.pacificsciencecenter.org.

Megan O’Connor, PhD., of the Fuller laboratory receives NIH-sponsored post-doctoral training fellowship from the University of Washington Center for AIDS and STD. The fellowship will pay O’Connor a yearly stipend to complete her post-doctoral research that will take place at the Washington National Primate Research Center.

The fellowship will assist O’Connor’s research by covering her salary and making funds available for her experiments. In addition, the fellowship program provides O’Connor with educational and networking opportunities designed to improve her knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS research while enhancing her personal development as a post-doctoral fellow.

O’Connor joined the Fuller lab in January of 2016. The lab investigates therapeutic and prophylactic DNA vaccines for HIV. They are also testing new adjuvants designed to stimulate both systemic and mucosal antibody and T cell responses.

“Our lab has a major focus on investigating and improving therapeutic HIV vaccines using the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) macaque model for AIDS,” says O’Connor. “This research will help us to better understand how we can improve vaccine efficacy.”

HIV in humans is very similar to SIV, which is found in many species of nonhuman primates. The Fuller lab currently has several ongoing macaque model vaccine studies, of which O’Connor is involved in, which are planned to run through 2021.

HIV and SIV infection creates a misbalance of two cell types in the gut during infection. The misbalance of T-regulatory (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells is associated with HIV/SIV progression. The goal of O’Connor’s project is to determine whether SIV vaccination also has an effect on these different cell types in the gut mucosa.

Using the SIV macaque model for AIDS, they investigate the ability of vaccines to therapeutically treat SIV infection and residual virus in the gut mucosa. Previous studies in the Fuller lab showed that therapeutic immunization with a DNA vaccine that induces responses in the gut mucosa resulted in a functional cure from AIDS, or durable control of viral replication when administered to chronically infected animals in combination with short-term treatment with antiretroviral drugs (immunotherapy). These studies also aim to define the role of mucosal responses, in particular, and other immune mechanisms underlying the response to vaccination, protection from infection, or induction of durable viral control.

According to the World Health Organization, 37 million people are living with HIV globally. Since the beginning of the epidemic, more than 70 million people have been infected by the disease and 35 million have died from it. There are currently 17 million people worldwide on antiretroviral therapies for HIV/AIDS. The most promising vaccine approaches from these studies may lead to future clinical testing of these strategies in HIV infected humans.

Learn more about the AIDS-related disease research being conducted at the WaNPRC.

Learn more about the STD/AIDS Research Training Fellowship Program from the UW Center for AIDS and STD.

Dr. Kyes often travels for up to seven months each year as the leader of the Division of Global Programs for the Washington National Primate Research Center and Director of UW’s Center for Global Field Study. Students from around the world get to learn about the convergence of environmental and global health through field course programs in countries such as: Indonesia, Nepal, China, India and Thailand. Kyes has spent nearly 30 years leading field courses in a dozen countries. UW Today writer Deborah Bach recently interviewed Dr. Kyes about his experiences, outreach efforts, challenges and rewards of running this successful program. The piece is titled: From crop-raiding monkeys to political unrest: UW’s Randy Kyes embarks on 100th field course.