Center News

By Chris Braunger | Communications Manager | WaNPRC

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For Dr. Randy Kyes and his colleagues at Sam Ratulangi University (UNSRAT) and the Primate Research Center at Bogor Agricultural University (PSSP-IPB), it is been a year of milestones – two decades in the making.

Dr. Kyes, a professor in the department of Psychology at the University of Washington (UW) and director of the Center for Global Field Study, and head of the Division of Global Programs at the Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC) at the has spent 30 years conducting collaborative field research and education programs around the world. The focus of his international efforts involves promoting the healthy coexistence between humans and wildlife, with particular attention to nonhuman primates. In pursuit of this mission, Kyes, along with his international colleagues, conduct broad-based research projects while providing field courses for local university students and professionals, and conducting outreach education programs for school children K-12.

A shining example of his international collaboration is the long-standing field course and outreach education program at the Tangkoko Nature Reserve in North Sulawesi, Indonesia conducted annually with colleagues from UNSRAT, a local university in the region, and from PSSP-IPB in Bogor, West Java. In May of 2019, they completed their 22nd annual “Field Course in Conservation Biology & Global Health” and their 20th annual outreach education program.

“Our outreach education program and field course go hand in hand. We conducted our first outreach program in Tangkoko back in 2000, a couple years after we had started the annual field course. That first year consisted of a program involving the adults from Batu Putih, a local village that boarders the Reserve. The discussion focused on issues relating to the critically endangered Sulawesi black macaque monkeys (Macaca nigra) in the reserve, e.g., the need for conservation, their role in local ecotourism, and how to manage the increasing conflict such as crop-raiding. We also addressed the unsustainable practice of hunting the monkeys as food/delicacy for special events, a long-standing cultural practice in the region. I remember very clearly one of the village leaders politely thanking us for the program and acknowledging the impact hunting was having on the monkey population. He went on to say that we are “set in our ways’ and it’s is difficult to change. He then offered, “Why don’t you do another outreach program next year for our children, talk with them before they are set in their ways and help them appreciate the need to protect these monkeys?” That next year (2001), during our annual field course, we conducted our outreach education program with the school children from Batu Putih – and we have done so ever since.”

Each year, third graders from two elementary schools in the village attend the outreach education program. The program objectives are to promote environmental awareness, highlight the relationship between environmental health and global health, and generate a sense of commitment to the conservation of biodiversity in the region. The program takes place over half a day and is conducted at their field station in the Reserve. The children walk about 30 minutes from their village to the field station giving them a true sense of the words “field trip.” Field course participants are the “hosts” of the program and are responsible for conducting most of the activities following Kyes and his colleagues’ established format that includes a slide presentation focusing on conservation and global health that highlights local species like the Sulawesi black macaque, an art contest with the theme: promoting good conservation practices, and a small reception for students and teachers including presentation of the art contest awards. The experience of organizing and conducting an outreach education program is intended to give the field course participants the knowledge and confidence to conduct future outreach programs on their own.

More than 900 children have participated in the outreach program since 2001, which is an impressive accomplishment in and of itself. But there is another interesting development that Kyes and his colleagues have been observing for the past several years. It is one they consider to be an even more significant reflection of their efforts. A growing number of the children who were impacted by the early outreach programs have grown up to become participants in the annual Tangkoko field course as young adults.

Kyes discusses the first time this happened: “We were nearing the end of our 13th annual field course in May 2010. We had 10 participants that year including seven university students, one park ranger, and two young women from Batu Putih. I was giving my lecture on community outreach education and providing an overview of the outreach activities we would be conducting at our field station the next day for the local children. As I was concluding the lecture, the two young women from Batu Putih said to me, “We remember the outreach program you did for us when we were in elementary school.” I was stunned… As it turned out, when these two women, Fero and Veronica, were third graders (in 2001), they participated in our very first outreach education program with the local elementary school in Batu Putih. They remembered details of the outreach program, in particular, the conservation art contest. In fact, Veronica received third place in the contest for her drawing of a red-knobbed hornbill. This trend of past outreach students now joining the field course as young adults has been continuing each year.”

To date, 21 young adults from Batu Putih who participated in the early outreach programs have gone on to take the field course. A number of these individuals are now pursuing undergraduate degrees at local universities with plans of returning to Batu Putih to assist with reserve management and ecotourism. Some have even become local conservationists, working with local NGOs and serving as tour guides in Tangkoko. “Knowing the mark this program has left on these young people and how they have continued their commitment to conservation into adulthood reaffirms for me the importance of sustained, long-term outreach education” says Kyes. He also is quick to add that an underlying bases for our work is and always has been that “the success of any conservation or health program depends in part on the ability of the local people to take leading roles in the conduct of those programs.” This is clearly something epitomized by their years of work.

In recent years, additional organizations have begun providing outreach education programs in and around the Tangkoko area. This is something Kyes and his colleagues a very pleased to see. “The collective benefits offered by multiple programs are can have a very positive effect on the long-term conservation of the area’s biodiversity and welfare of the people.” He suggests the results of their recently completed 20-year study (May 2009-2019) monitoring the population density the Sulawesi macaques in the core area of the Tangkoko reserve may be one such indication. Their long-term study has shown some stabilization of the core population from earlier declines. This stabilization may be due in part to an increased appreciation by the local residents (via outreach and education programs) of the importance of conserving the primates. He notes, however, that other areas of the reserve system are still showing reduced numbers of monkeys and that long-term conservation efforts are needed to ensure the sustainability of the population. “Our outreach and field course alumni will undoubtedly play key roles in this effort going forward,” says Kyes.

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Footnotes and Acknowledgements:

The outreach education program developed by Kyes and his colleagues in Tangkoko has served as the model that he and his colleagues have used in their other field courses in Indonesia, Thailand, Nepal, China, Bangladesh, Mexico, India, and D.R. Congo.

In recognition of his years of work providing field training and outreach education for local residents (especially at Tangkoko), Kyes has been honored with the International Primatological Society 2004 “Lawrence Jacobsen Education Development Award” – for significant contribution to primate conservation education in Indonesia; and most recently the American Society of Primatologists 2017 “Kyes Award for Excellence in Educational Outreach.”  This was the inaugural awarding of the Kyes Award.

Dr. Kyes would like to show his gratitude to:

Meis Nangoy, Jane Onibala, Indyah Wahyuni, Sylvia Laatung, Moureen Tamasoleng, Hetty Wungouw, Junius Daniel, and Umar Paputungan from the Universitas Sam Ratulangi in Manado, Indonesia (UNSRAT).

Entang Iskandar from Pusat Studi Satwa Primata –  Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia (PSSP-IPB).

 

Mid-September of 2017 marked a horrific tragedy with the now infamous Category 5 Hurricane Maria. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Maria was worst natural hurricane in nearly 90 years for Puerto Rico and was also the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Jeanne in 2004. It was the costliest in Puerto Rico history.

Dr. Melween I. Martinez is a Professor at the University of Puerto Rico – Medical Sciences Campus. More importantly for this story, she is the Director of the Caribbean Primate Research Center and the Animal Resources Center (CPRC). As such, Dr. Martinez was the individual thrusted into the command role in the disaster-relief and recovery operations. In the aftermath of the storm, she appealed to the National Institutes of Health for help.

“The NIH [Office of Research Infrastructure Programs] arranged a conference call and I was on the line with all of the NPRC directors. I remember being so overwhelmed that I just sat on the grass because that was the only place that I had reception. I kept telling them that I’m going to talk as fast as I can, just in case this call was dropped,” Dr. Martinez said.

She continues to describe the conversation, “And they just asked me what we needed. I guess that is when I told them about the roof (water collection) and that we didn’t have communications, but that the animals were fine. We were very concerned with getting this repaired, because on Cayo Santiago, the only source of water comes by collecting rain water. I think I gave them as much information as I could. The important part of that call is that everybody had a connection with us before they all began to send supplies to us,” she said.

In the words of WaNPRC Director Mike Mustari from October of 2017, “The challenges faced by our colleagues at the Caribbean Primate Research Center (CPRC) in Puerto Rico have reminded us of how fortunate we are. The enormous damage caused by Hurricanes Irma and Maria across all of Puerto Rico continue to impact most aspects of daily life. These severe storms also leveled the CPRC. All NPRCs came together to provide financial, veterinary supplies, personal items and human resources to help with the initial phase of recovery.”

“The first things we received came from the NPRCs, the various PIs, and the Better Research Better Life Foundation. These three groups got together, and with the funds that you all collected, you were able to buy the stuff we needed. This included the lumber that we needed to rebuild the water collection system on the roof. The ATVs that were sent were very useful because we needed to move and there were so many downed trees on the island and we needed a way to move in order to scatter food in different areas.”

The items and personnel first arrived at Sabana Seca, which is home to the CPRC field station, 30 minutes west of the capital of San Juan. “We needed to get two additional vehicles to move all of the equipment and supplies that was going to Cayo Santiago,” said Dr. Martinez. That is the small island, about ½ mile off of the eastern coast of Puerto Rico, which is home to about 1700 free-roaming Rhesus monkeys, also known as Monkey Island.

Fast forward to this past April when Dr. Martinez came to Seattle as the keynote speaker for AALAS District 8 Annual Meeting. WaNPRC staff were treated to a sneak preview of her presentation, “Caribbean Primate Research Center and Hurricane Maria: Lessons learned.” This talk included many slides showing the devastation.

Cayo Santiago was once a very active research site, hosting a variety of genetic and behavioral studies conducted by professors and their graduate students from around the world. Today, the rhesus monkeys that survived Maria are now helping researchers learn more about the response to the traumatic stress caused by the storm’s destruction. This is explored in Luke Dittrich’s May 14, 2019 story in the New York Times entitled, “Primal Fear: Can Monkeys Help Unlock the Secrets of Trauma?”

Learn more about the history of the CNPRC and Cayo Santiago: American Journal of Primatology 

Learn more about ongoing research on surviving trauma on Monkey Island: NPR On Point

Message from Dr. Melween Martinez, CPRC Director

 

The following is a transcript from a discussion with Thomas A. Reh, PhD, Professor of Biological Structure and Principle Investigator examining Retinal Development and Regeneration, joined by Catherine Ray, Reh Lab Project Manager. The objective of the discussion was to learn details about the research the laboratory will be conducting and what resources the WaNPRC would be providing to support it. They were also joined on the phone by WaNPRC administrator of program operations Jesse Day. The project we discussed is pursuing regenerative therapy for glaucoma which is one of the National Eye Institute Audacious Goals. 

The Basics

Catherine Ray: First group of six animals is a cohort to set up the glaucoma induction model.

Tom Reh: There are going to be two phases. There is a guy at Vanderbilt, David Calkins, who’s been working on a glaucoma model in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). That was the idea was that we would go learn from him how to do it. And then we would bring that surgical technique back here. So that is the first phase.

CR: We’re not quite sure at this point what the training will entail.

TR: Our surgeon, Jen Chao, is in charge of doing that. She’s an MD, PhD in the Department of Ophthalmology here (at the University of Washington). She will be responsible for learning about the actual injection. Basically, the procedure is fairly straightforward. Glaucoma is normally caused by an increase in intraocular pressure. This is basically pressure within your eyeball. And that is partially due to either a congenital or acquired blockage of the aqueous humor’s (the clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball) outflow tract. So your eye’s constantly making new fluid and that fluid is supposed to leave the eye through this outflow tract. When that is blocked or constricted, often people have really strong myopia (nearsightedness). They have problems with that because the eyeball is of a shape that it constricts that.

But anyone can get glaucoma, if you have intraocular pressure increase, and then what happens is the cells in the retina die. A certain class of cells degenerate. These are the ganglion cells. As so what you do when you try to induce this is that you actually inject into the anterior part of the eye, where the aqueous humor is located- little microbeads and then those actually plug up the tract. And so now because the tract is plugged up by these little microbeads, the intraocular pressure goes up, creating glaucoma. It’s actually not that hard to do. Somebody figured out how to do this so it would work and they have done it already in a bunch of different animals, and Dr. Calkins does it in squirrel monkeys and it works. It takes a couple of months to get glaucoma. To get the pressure up and have it elevated over a long enough period of time to create the glaucoma. In mice you can do this and it happens much more quickly, but in monkeys it takes a longer period of time.

Induction of Glaucoma

TR: Project will be in two phases. The first will actually be giving the monkeys glaucoma. And so, the NHPs will be injected with tiny little microbeads into the anterior of the eye which block the output tract. This causes intraocular pressure. A group down in Vanderbilt led by David Calkins has worked this out.

It’s been done in a lot of other animals before but it hadn’t been done in squirrel monkey. He figured out a way to do it. Dr.Chao is a retinal surgeon on humans, and she will do the surgery on the monkeys. It involves injecting these beads into the anterior of the eye. She’s working with Vanderbilt and learn from David Calkins’ surgeon. She’ll then reproduce those injections here. And we we’re thinking that could go on in the first year. That’s what our timeline would be.

CR: Six animals would establish the model here in Seattle after Jen Chao learns from Vanderbilt to see how it’s done. Making sure that we could recapitulate it here.

TR: And so, I think we said six. Six would be ideal. We could do fewer than that. I think it’s gonna be simply reproducing what’s already been done at Vanderbilt. Other monkeys, we would do the next phase of the project, because we’re causing intraocular pressure cause the death of the retinal ganglion cells, which are the cells that convey the message from the eyes to the brain, those cells die from the intraocular pressure increase. And so, what we want to do is see if we can replace them. And so we can get human embryonic stem cells (ES Cells) to make ganglion cells pretty well. We have a human embryonic stem cell line that actually makes these ganglion cells red. Then we can track them with a fluorescent RetCam imaging, and so what we proposed for the next cohort of animals was actually to just try some of these transplants.

CR: Yeah, in the second part of the experiment. The first trial we’re just doing the cells with the glaucoma induction with another cohort. If that works, there are various other experiments that would involve keeping the monkeys for longer a term. We would collect eyes for electrophysiology, etc.

TR: We’ve done injections of human embryonic stem cells into monkeys before, which is one of the reasons why I think that the NIH reviewed our grant positively. I think we’re the only ones in the world who have injected human embryonic stem cells into squirrel monkeys, and one of only three groups to every inject them into any monkey’s eye. So, we reported that in a publication last year. Basically what we did was a sub-retinal injection of embryonic stem cells. It was several years ago when we did this. We don’t think we’re going to immunosuppress this time, but there will be local (intraocular) immunosuppression at the time of the surgery, because they are human cells going into a monkey.

We also proposed, as a worst case scenario, we would derive monkey cells, but we don’t have a squirrel monkey yet. So we’d have to almost make a squirrel monkey IPSL. I know Eliza Curnow here has embryonic stem cells from macaques. That one is closer than human. The other option is that we can engineer the cells to not have T-cell receptors, and they in theory would not get rejected. There is a company in Seattle, Universal Cells that’s doing that for potential human transplants.

So I think those are some options. But I think right now, we’ll probably keep it simple. So we hope the money comes within the next couple months. That’s the idea. There is going to be a regular review by the review panel advisory board for these U grants and we’re meeting with ours on February 5 at the NIH. After that we’ll nail down the timelines and milestones.

Over the next year, it will be six squirrel monkeys.

Nuts and Bolts

CR: We would want to purchase any monkeys until after that takes place. 36 over the course of three years. No more than 6 at a time.

TR: I am pretty sure that we can accomplish what we need to with less than that.

Jesse Day: Please keep me apprised of timelines as you know more.

CR: I had sat down, just really quickly with Animal Trainer Kelly Morrisroe, to talk about behavioral training and she brought this up as well. I don’t think we have a preference as far as sex goes. I think we’re supposed to be keeping it balanced for the NIH.

JD: Evenly distributed as much as possible (for validity).

CR: Based on availability, we don’t care about the sexes of the animals too much.

TR: House females together more so than males?

CR: Males could be fixed if necessary. I think the way the grant is written, these are all three to nine-year-olds. A little bit more mature age range.

TR: I think in terms of access to the surgery suite and anesthesiology, etc., the way we ran it last time was pretty straight forward. I guess we’ll have to book those sorts of things ahead of time. I remember that Jen was able to bring over a microscope and a RetCam imager from Ophthalmology. Is there an operating microscope available and any kind of device for intraocular imaging?

JD: I would bet that was their equipment that they brought in…. contact the surgery group. That was probably the last study to use it.

TR: I know the Neitz study was doing viral injections. Those are being done here in the I-Wing, correct?

JD: They’re are using the RetCam for that. Talk with the Neitz group about that.

TR: Ok, I think that would be a good idea, we can coordinate and piggy back on top. Again, Jen Chao does the injections for the Neitz group, so she can figure out where everything is. We have an EE protocol? Is that something that the Primate Center takes care of that?

We need to be able to take the intraocular pressure. Once they’re anesthetized, it’s difficult to do because the intraocular pressure declines so you can’t get an accurate reading. So it could be that we would need to train the animals to hold still while we give them a puff of air on the eye.

CR: I sat down and had a meeting with Kelly Morrisroe and she seemed to think that was feasible. According to her, we might even be able to pre-screen some of the monkeys to see if they might be predisposed to receiving behavioral training. That may be a bridge that we need to cross as we get a little bit closer to ordering the monkeys. It seems in terms of our timeline right now, it would be until February that we would even be ordering the animals.

TR: If that is something that your broker can screen animals for. One of the reasons that the Neitzes used squirrel monkeys was that you have this. The males don’t have color vision but the females do, and so by introducing another opsin pigment into the males, they were able to get them to see color.

The other attraction is their eyes have a fovea (a small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. The center of the field of vision is focused in this region, where retinal cones are particularly concentrated).  But the animals as a whole aren’t as big as a macaque, which is appealing. The eyes are a good size for surgeons to do their manipulations. Part of why we’re doing this project, there aren’t that many animals that have foveas other than primates, so the work has to be done in nonhuman primates. Other animals can’t focus on the detail like humans and monkeys can. Part of what happens with glaucoma is you lose that sharp vision. So we are trying to restore that ability to see fine detail that is only found in primates.

Stanford is coordinating the project. Johns Hopkins is probably the best in the world at making the stem cell into the ganglion cells. Jeff Goldberg is one of the best people in the world for his studies on regeneration on ganglion cells in mice. Part of this was to also find ways to stimulate the ganglion cells to grow into the brain. It doesn’t do any good if they just stay in the eye. They have to grow accent all the way down the optic nerve, to the brain, which is a long way.

Rigor and Reproducibility

TR: I think the thing about reproducibility, is you gain a lot when three or four labs are involved, because essentially we’re going to be carrying out the same experiments at three different sites. And if we don’t get the same results, then we will have to figure out why that is.

I think part of the problem with reproducibility in science right now is that some of the conditions that make these experiments work are not completely defined because we’re always doing new things. It’s not like we’re doing the same things over and over again. Scientists basically do new things all the time, that’s what they do. So when you do new things, you don’t always know all of the variables that need to be controlled to get it to work. It just happened to work for you in that particular set of conditions and variables, etc. That’s particularly difficult when you talk about the small ends that you have. The small numbers of animals or experiments that you’re able to conduct in primates, and so I actually think in mice, you can do 30 mice and it’s no big deal. If someone does another study in 30 mice and they get a different result, you can figure out pretty quickly what those variables were from site to site. For large animals, you’re not gonna get that chance, so I think doing the experiments at the three sites at the same time, at least we’ll be able to identify the variables between sites as potential sources of irreproducibility. That’s one of the best things about this. It’ll allow for kind of instant reproducibility.

We’ve got some of the best labs in the world that are our collaborators so I figure they have been rigorous up to now.

CR: These are some of the only groups who have ever done this work before. I don’t think anyone else is doing this glaucoma induction model anywhere else.

TR: No, and so in a way, that’s going to validate that model right away. If we can’t reproduce Calkin’s model here, the project can’t move forward. That’s kind of high stakes reproducibility right there. Also remember that we have a scientific review board that’s basically going to look over our work every six months. They’re gonna ask, “How are you folks doing? What’s going wrong? What’s the progress?” t’s still exploratory science in that we really don’t know if these ganglion cells are going to survive the transplantation or not be rejected. Find the right layers. Make the right synaptic connections with their partners. Grow their accents in the brain. I mean, this is a tall order and I doubt we’ll reach all of our goals in five years.  I think that the progress that we make will at least define what the things are that we need to work out. I see this as kind of sending us around to the move to see if we get back and what happened along the way before we actually land somebody there. It’s certainly not that historic, but nevertheless, it’s about that complicated.

Audacious Goals Initiative

TR: I think this whole initiative by Paul Sieving of the National Eye Institute has been his big push over the last five years. The point of it is to see if we can, rather than just stopping the eye from degenerating, but to repair it. You know, it is restoring vision back to what it was before someone got a disease or injury. So that’s the whole thing. How can we do better than simply halting the disease, but how can we reverse it. That’s audacious! We don’t do that for very many things.

Potential Setbacks?

TR: Sometimes you find that when you do an experiment, you get positive results but it didn’t turn out exactly how you had planned. So for our work that we did in the squirrel monkeys before, we were hoping to transplant rods and cones (Rods are responsible for vision at low light levels (scotopic vision). They do not mediate color vision, and have a low spatial acuity. Cones are active at higher light levels (photopic vision- daylight or other bright light), are capable of color vision and are responsible for high spatial acuity).

We didn’t see any rods and cones in that paper. What we did see were ganglion cells. So the PI of this grant, Jeff Goldberg watched a seminar that I was giving two years ago when I presented some of this. He described it as when you got lemons, make some lemonade. Because you didn’t get photoreceptors integrated into the retina after your transplant, don’t feel so bad. He was interested in glaucoma (a disease that damages your eye’s optic nerve). So that study basically led to this grant. We now have a better idea that we’re more likely to be successful with ganglion cells. So rather than treat macular degeneration, now we’re going to try glaucoma which is a disease of the ganglion cells and not the photoreceptors.

I think in general, we scientists are pretty opportunistic. If we see that the approach that we were taking isn’t really working out as well as we had hoped, then we try something else. In some ways, the science that gets translated into medicine is the science that works over and over again and is successful. This is complicated stuff that we are doing but if it actually works, then I’m sure it will be translated into medicine.

Human Embryonic Stem Cell controversy

TR: One of the postdocs in the lab who will be the primary person growing the stem cells for this project, came to us from Indiana. In Indiana, they’re not allowed to do research on human embryonic stem cells. She did all of her work on induced pluripotent stem cells (Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS) iPSC are derived from skin or blood cells that have been reprogrammed back into an embryonic-like pluripotent state that enables the development of an unlimited source of any type of human cell needed for therapeutic purposes). So you can create stem cells that are very much like human embryonic stem cells. For her graduate work, she had to work entirely with iPS Cell because they weren’t ES Cells. On the other hand, IPS Cells are a little bit trickier to work with, so it made her a much better scientist actually. Now when she works with ES Cells in Washington, which she can now do, she says, “Well these things are really easy.” In the end, it’s a work around. IPSCs I think provide a very straight forward alternative to ESCs and one that is as successful. In fact, I think in general, the field is moving toward IPSCs because ethically, it is much simpler and they’re not that much different. They’ve been proven to be almost identical.

NHPs in Research

TR: There is controversy around the use of nonhuman primates and some people are putting pressure on lawmakers to reduce it. We’re aware of that. These are really bad diseases for people to get. Glaucoma, macular degeneration, and loss of sight. It’s serious stuff. It justifies to us, our use of the monkey model and stem cells. We feel that these are experiments that can’t be done in any other animal or in any other way. The fovea is really quite unique to primates, and that is kind of where we have to work.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a ubiquitous bacterium colonizing 20–30% of the human population. Beyond asymptomatic carriage, S. aureus causes a wide range of infections, such as skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), bone, joint and implant infections, pneumonia, septicemia and various toxicoses such as toxic shock syndrome. Shortly after the introduction of penicillin in the 1940s, the first penicillinase-producing S. aureus strains were detected, leading to the development of the penicillinase-resistant semi-synthetic penicillins such as methicillin, oxacillin and the first/second generation cephalosporins, the drugs of choice for treatment. Within a year after the introduction of these drugs, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were reported which made them useless for treatment. MRSA has become a serious international problem. Some strains predominate in geographically restricted settings while others have achieved pandemic spread. Some are associated with humans and others primarily with animals.

In the hospital setting, MRSA often contaminates surfaces and is responsible for hospital-related deaths [~11,000 deaths in 2017].  However, the number of MRSA cases in most hospitals are going down as they do a better job of preventing transmission from patient to patient using a variety of methods to reduce transmission within the hospital. These include good personal protection equipment, bathing with chlorhexidine, and increasingly using ultraviolet (UV) robots for deep cleaning. All of which have helped reduce the transmission within the hospital.

While practices to reduce MRSA cases in hospital populations are improving, a new study has focused attention on the human/animal interface out in the environment. Wild animals harbor and are potential reservoirs for MRSA, according to a study published earlier this year (May 1) in the FEMS Journal of Microbiology Ecology (https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/94/5/fiy052/4950395). The study identified MRSA in rhesus macaques (M. mulatta) along with domestic swine herds from the Kathmandu valley in Nepal.

The lead author is Dr. Marilyn C. Roberts, Professor of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences in the School of Public Health, and Affiliated Scientist at the Washington National Primate

Research Center (WaNPRC) at the University of Washington (UW), describes the interaction between the humans and monkeys around temple sites in Nepal. “These animals in Katmandu are attracted to people. It’s sort of like ducks along the lakefront here in Seattle. When you walk there, the ducks think they’re going to get fed. Similar to this, the monkeys at these sites equate people with food,” Roberts said.

Researchers surveyed 59 rhesus monkeys. Utilizing and adapting a non-invasive saliva sampling technique, UW Research Professor and WaNPRC Core Scientist Randy Kyes and his Nepali team at Tribhuvan University distributed sweetened pieces of oral swabs for the wild monkeys to chew on. Once the animals had discarded the swab, the team retrieved the samples and sent them to the laboratory in Nepal where the MRSA strains were isolated.

Of the macaque samples tested, 6.8% were positive for MRSA, with three of four macaque MRSA isolates identified as ST22 SCCmec IV. A more recent sampling found four more primate ST22 SCCmec IV. Some of the recent environmental samples were also ST22 SCCmec IV. ST22 SCCmec IV is normally considered a human strain and this study suggests that humans in Nepal are sharing their strains of MRSA to both domesticated swine population, which also carried the same ST22 SCCmec IV, as well as the wild macaque populations. We know that this strain (ST22) is found in humans in Nepal and is also very common in Singapore.

Additional collaboration continues in Nepal and further sample collections from primates and their environment are presently underway in Thailand.

“This type of MRSA is found all over the world and is a pandemic strain,” said Roberts. “The importance should be stressed in respect to these populations of wild animals. Even feeding chipmunks or ducks human food is not a good thing. They can pick up what we have and we can pick up what they have.  Some of the infectious agents in wildlife carry can be deadly.” Dr. Roberts is hoping for further funding, so that we can do additional monitoring of wild primates.

Research from several institutions, including the Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC) at the University of Washington, suggests that more women could be losing their pregnancies to the Zika virus (ZIKV) without knowing they are infected. The study, published in Nature Medicine on July 2, found that 26 percent of nonhuman primates infected with Zika during early stages of pregnancy experienced miscarriage or stillbirth even though the animals showed few signs of infection. Contributors to the study included the WaNPRC’s Dr. Charlotte Hotchkiss and Core Staff Scientist Dr. Michael Gale, Director of the Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease.

ZIKV-associated pregnancy loss may be underreported, but the adverse outcomes of sensory defects and fetal brain malformations are well-documented. Children exposed to the Zika virus either in pregnancy or early in life should also be monitored into adolescence for signs of subtle neurological damage — even if they appeared normal at birth, say researchers at the University of Washington School of Medicine and their colleagues in an editorial published in June in the scientific journal Trends in Microbiology.

“Although we haven’t heard much about Zika in the last year, the virus is still circulating in the Caribbean, Central and South America, Southeast Asia and Africa – and it remains very dangerous to pregnant women and children,” said Dr. Kristina Adams Waldorf.

Adams Waldorf and co-author Dr. Lakshmi Rajagopal, a UW associate professor of pediatrics, wrote a paper is titled, “Congenital Zika virus infection as a silent pathology with loss of neurogenic output in the fetal brain” which was published in Nature Medicine in February of this year (2018).

Learn more at UW Medicine and PBS News Hour.

“We’re talking about the number one cause of death in the world [for humans],” said study author Dr. Charles Murry, director of the Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine (ISCRM) at the University of Washington. And at the moment all of our treatments are … dancing around the root problem, which is that you don’t have enough muscle cells.”

After inducing heart attacks in macaques, the percent of blood their hearts pumped out with each beat dropped from roughly 70%, which is normal, to a weaker 40%. One month later, five monkeys who received human embryonic stem cells recouped 10.6 percentage points on average, versus only 2.5 in the control group. The paper titled, “Human embryonic stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes restore function in infarcted hearts of non-human primates” was published in Nature Biotechnology. Authors include WaNPRC’s Keith Vogel, Cliff Astley, Audrey Baldessari, and Jason Ogle.  Learn more at CNN and GeekWire.

Courtney joined the WaNPRC in March of 2018. She was brought on board during a transition within the Finance Division’s grant operations. This was also amidst Ann Schmidt’s retirement after her 36 years of service here. Courtney describes herself as highly motivated and goal oriented as a senior grant & contract management specialist. She has a Master’s degree and within her 17 years of experience has tested for and achieved credentials as a Certified Research Administrator and Certified Pre-Award Research Administrator.

She has a background clinical and biomedical research and administration within academic, for-profit, and non-profit settings. Her extensive expertise covers the entire grant life cycle with contract management, clinical site and research contracts, federal and non-profit grant applications, awards, subcontracts and sub awards.

Courtney is poised to expand our grant portfolio and increase research funding. These operations have obvious impacts upon all of us employed at the Primate Center.

Could you please briefly describe your role as Grant and Contract Manager?

I am involved in the pre-award phase of the grant application process which includes the non-scientific sections and the routing of the complete application to the Office of Sponsored Programs. I also work with outside investigators on the scope of work, coordinating with Jesse Day and the Finance team to assess that our facilities, resources and capabilities are compatible with their projects.

Have you held prior positions that will help you in your relatively new role here?

In my last position as Grants Manager at Swedish Health Services, I provided entire life-cycle grants management for all research units, from proposal development through closeout. I ensured the timely submission of the Research Performance Progress Reports for their various grants. I was also considered the “resident expert” in the funding agency’s requirements. After the merger of Swedish with Providence Health & Services, I was named to the Grants Management Team tasked with harmonizing a uniform grants management approach across both organizations.

Do you have a background in science?

My education includes a Master’s in Biology. Prior to pursuing work in grants management, I was enrolled in a Cellular and Molecular Biology doctoral program.  I have also worked in the private, biotechnology industry as an analytical chemist and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy specialist.

It seems like that scientific experience would give you something in common with the PIs that you assist. What are the main challenges of your position?

My challenge is to make sure that the PIs here are informed about funding opportunities. I also would like them to be aware of the fact that I am here as a resource for the application process.

What are some of the business systems and interfaces you utilize in your position?

Let’s start with eRA Commons (Electronic Research Administration); the grants management portal at the National Institutes of Health. The NIH defines it as an online interface where signing officials, principal investigators, trainees and post-docs at institutions/organizations can access and share administrative information relating to research grants.

Their website offers this description:

eRA provides critical IT infrastructure to manage over $30 billion in research and non-research grants awarded annually by NIH and other grantor agencies in support of the collective mission of improving human health.   eRA systems, including eRA Commons, ASSIST and IMPAC II modules, support the full grants life cycle and are used by applicants and grantees worldwide as well as federal staff at the NIH, AHRQ, the CDC, FDA, SAMHSA, and VA.

The UW has SAGE – the System to Administer Grants Electronically. It interfaces with Grants.gov and allows you to submit funding applications for consideration, route them electronically for approval, request advance budget numbers, and initiate sub awards.

Do you have any closing thoughts?

I just want everyone to know that I look forward to taking a hands-on approach and I may be more involved in the grant process than Investigators here may be used to or early career PIs may even know about. The important takeaway is that I am happy to help beyond sending out FOAs (Funding Opportunity Announcements). Thanks for making this platform available to me to share with the Center.

Contact info for: Courtney A Miller, MS, CRA, CPRA

Grant and Contract Manager

OFFICE HOURS: 6 AM to 2 PM M-Th | TELEWORK: 6 AM to 2 PM F

MAIL: Box 357330 | OFFICE: 206.616.3812 | CELL: 205.317.8400 | EMAIL: cmiller6@uw.edu